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[ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ] vance taking advantage of the ranked pages found by Google enables 163 Notes searchers to see possibly relevant pages and then, if the result is not fully satisfactory, to use their common sense to further fine-tune their query. The result is the surprising success of syntactic search. 3 Personal communication. Chart 1 shows, in percent of pages viewed daily how much Wikipedia is actually gaining on Google. Source: http:/ /www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.com?site0= google.com&site1=wikipedia.com&y=r&z=3&h=400&w= 700 &range =max&size=Large 4 Internet Opens Elite Colleges to All, Justin Popoe, Associated Press, December 29, 2007. Printed by The Washington Post, and The Herald Tribune, among others. 5 Ibid. 6 The iPod Lecture Circuit Michelle Quin, Los Angeles Times, November 24, 2007. 7 ABC World News with Charlie Gibson, Saturday March 22, 2008. 8 Michelle Quinn. 9 K. Chang, Science Times , The New York Times, September 12, 2000. It is typical of the field that the situation hasn t changed in the decade since that report. 10 C. Thompson, Being There , Fortune Magazine, Special Issue on the Future of the Internet, 142: 8, October 2000, p. 236. 11 National Public Radio, Talk of the Nation, February 29, 2000. 12 H. Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, rev. edn, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2000. 13 Ibid., pp. 375, 376. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid., p. 379. 16 Ibid., p. 382. 17 Ibid., p. 384. 18 Ibid. 19 Andrea L. Foster, Professor Avatar , The Chronicle of Higher Education: Information Technology, September 21, 2007. 20 This might well be a case of the Hawthorn effect a famous study that showed that changing the light in a factory from incandescent to fluorescent increased productivity, but so did changing it back. 21 F. Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, trans. W. Kaufmann, New York, Viking Press, 1966, p. 34. 164 Notes Index aesthetic sphere 80 2, 86, 139 144; sense of reality 7, 69, 94, agora, electronic 138 9 123, 125, 137; skill acquisition American Federation of Teachers 125; trust 68 9, 70, 121 26, 33 Blakeslee, Sandra 114 apprenticeship 7, 27, 37 40, 47, blogging 78 62, 67, 122, 128, 150 Borgmann, Albert 107, 110 Aristotle 11 Burke, Edmund 74, 75, 77 8 Artificial Intelligence (AI): commonsense knowledge 17, Canny, John 56 20; natural language 16; Carnegie-Mellon University 2 3, relevance 16 17, 20 50 Augustine, Saint 51 Cartesian view 110 13, 116, 118 20 babies 45 6, 69, 70 1 Castronova, Edward 92 3 Barlow, John Perry 4 chat rooms 81, 87 Benner, Patricia 32 choice 83 4 Bell, Alexander Graham 1 Christianity 6, 73, 157 Brewer, Eric 51 classification schemes 11 Blair, David 14, 58 60 classroom: interaction 57 61; risk- body: affirmation as self 140; taking 57, 122, 125 8; skill Cartesian view 53; acquisition 32, 39, 40, 46, 49, disembodiment 3; embodied 57, 125; technology 26, 130 1 capacities 121; embodied commitment(s) 7, 84, 85 7, 102; commonsense understanding unconditional 86 7, 88, 120; 20; Forster s vision 49, 68; virtual 7, 81, 139 freedom from 6; Merleau- commonsense 17, 20, 46 Ponty on vi; Nietzsche s view vi, communities, virtual 138 9 5 6, 144; Platonic view 5, 123 5, CYC 17 19 165 Index data retrieval (DR): information Habermas, Jürgen 73, 74, 75, 78 retrieval (IR) distinguished Hacking, Ian 52 14 16 Haugeland, John 32 Deep Blue 151 Hawking, Stephen 98 Dertouzos, Michael 9, 19 Heidegger, Martin 21, 96, 98, Descartes, René 32, 52 4, 67 106 7, 110, 116 17 Dewey decimal system 21 Hundt, Reed 28 31, 33, 48 9, 63 Dewey, John 53 hyperlinks: Google 127, 128; distance learning: education 25 48; hyperlinked culture 13; podcast world 128 33; information retrieval (IR) 9 24; telepresence 49 71; see also interconnection 11 12 learning document retrieval 15 information highway: nihilism Dye, Nancy 26, 33 72 88 Dylan, Bob 72, 79 information retrieval (IR): AI see Dyson, Esther 5 Artificial Intelligence; classification 11; data retrieval Edison, Thomas 25 (DR) distinguished 14 16; education: distance learning 25 48; hyperlinks 9 24; pessimism face-to-face engagement 26 7; 9 10; relevance 12, 125 8; see also learning specific content 15 Enlightenment 74 6, 78, 88 intercorporeality 58 ethical sphere 83 4, 106 interest groups 78, 84, 87 Extropians 1, 5, 6, 57, 93 isolation, sense of 2 3, 51, 69, existentialism: Second Life 96 8 101 2 information technology: education 26 Ford, Henry 1 inner life 51 2 Forster, E.M. 49, 68 interconnection: flexibility 2; Forster, E.M. 50, 70 hyperlinks 11 12 Galileo 52 James, William 53 Gallese, Vittorio 114 15 Judge William 83 5 Goldberg, Ken 53, 134, 135 Goldhaber, Nat 103 4 Google: hyperlinks 127, 128; Kant, Immanuel 84 PageRank 23; syntactic searches Kierkegaard, Soren 72 88, 103, / 22 4, 126 106, 123, 137, 139 166 Index Kurzweil, Ray 4 Perlman, Itzak 98 Pew Foundation 9 Plato 5, 6, 92 3, 106 Lamb, Barry 66 7 postmodern self 81 learning: advanced beginners press 74, 76, 78, 81, 89 28 30; competence 30 4; primordial belief: reality 55 6 cultural style 45 6; expertise public sphere 74 7, 89, 103, 106 35 40; mastery 40 6; novice reality 7, 71 2, 90, 91, 93 4 stage 27 8; proficiency 34 5; telepresence 57; universities 57 8 reflection/commitment 136 41 lectures 32 3, 39, 49, 91, 97 8 relevance: Artificial Intelligence Lenat, Douglas 17 18, 20 (AI) 16 17, 20; information Levenson, William 25 retrieval (IR) 12, 125 8 libraries: old library culture 12, 13 Rheingold, Howard 138 41 Rios, Gordon 24, 95 robots: context-independent Mars Sojourner 54 communication 56 7; robot meaning: absent sources 105 19 control 53 4, 57 Media Lab 100 1 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 98 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 54 5, 57, Rosedale, Philip 89, 92, 99 58, 64, 70, 113 14 Mill, John Stuart 74 Moravec 4, 46 Sartre, Jean-Paul 122 More, Max 1, 5 St Ambrose 51 National Public Radio survey 102 search engines: indexes 15; Net surfing 81, 83, 87 syntactic 20 4 Nietzsche, Friedrich 1, 5 6, 72, 96, Second Life: absent sources of 102 3, 106, 144 meaning 105 19; alternative nihilism: anonymity/commitment way of life 98 101; alternative 72 88 world 95 6; artistic creation Nye, Joseph 6 93 4; avatars 7, 90, 98, 111 15, 117 19, 141 4; bold Page, Larry 21 experimentation/unconditional Pascal, Blaise 96 8 commitment 102 5; building a Paulos, Eric 57 world 91 1; business ventures perception: indeterminacy 55 90 1; enchantment 92 3; Perelman, Lewis J. 25 existentialist critique 96 8; game 167 Index 91; irresistible alternative culture Tocqueville, Alexis de 74 6; myths of meaning 89 120; trust 69 71, 121 new friends 94 5; risk Turkle, Sherry 81 2 discouraged 102 5; safe experimentation 98 101 university teaching 57, 58 simulators 43, 85, 86 skills, acquiring 7, 32, 49, 93 4, virtual communities 139 140 120; see also learning stages Skinner, B.F. 25 virtual embodiment: myths of social/psychological impacts meaning 89 120 2 3 Socrates 5 Webcams 133, 135 Stanford study 50, 136 Web crawlers 20 Star Trek 95, 97 Websites 14, 77, 87, 126 7 Stephenson, Neal, Snow Crash 91, Wittgenstein, Ludwig 39 111 World Wide Web 78, 88, 121, 133, style, cultural 45 6 136, 137, 141 Swanson, Don 19, 31, 126 syntactic searches 22 4, 126 Weber, Max 92 Wikipedia 127 teleconferencing 56, 133 Winograd, Terry 21, 22 Telegarden 53, 134 Woolf, Virginia 108 9 Teilhard de Chardin 156 writing 124 5 Tele-Actors 135, 136 telepresence: remoteness of real Yeats, William Butler 4 49 71, 133 6 [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ] |